労働科学 86巻（2010年）
労働科学 86巻（2010年）
- 1号
- 2号
86巻 3号
森泉慎吾，臼井伸之介，中井 宏
リスクテイキング行動尺度作成の試み－信頼性・妥当性の検討－
労働科学，86（３），127～138，（2010）
本研究では，個人のリスク傾向を測定できる尺度を開発するために，日常のリスクテイキング行動に関して先行研究等を参考に46の質問項目を作成した。その項目の選定および信頼性の検証のため，様々な属性を持つ374人に質問紙調査を実施した。因子分析より，日常のリスクテイキング行動は4因子(ギャンブル志向性，状況的敢行性，確信的敢行性，安全性配慮)に分類され，各因子に対して一定以上の信頼性が示された(表2)。よって，これら4因子で構成される20項目の質問紙尺度をRisk Propensity Questionnaire(RPQ)と名付けた。また，リスクテイキング行動に関する3つの尺度の得点との比較を行ったところ，RPQのリスク傾向を示す指標としての妥当性が示唆された(図１，表7) （自抄）
キーワード：リスクテイキング行動；尺度；リスク傾向；信頼性；妥当性
Shingo MORIIZUMI，Shinnosuke USUI，Hiroshi NAKAI
Development of a Scale to Measure the Tendency of Risk-Taking Behaviour and Testing Its Reliability and Validity：A preliminary study
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，86（3），127～138，（2010）
We conducted a survey by generating 46 items governing risk-taking behaviour of many people in daily life in order to develop a scale that can measure the risk propensity for individuals having several social backgrounds. A questionnaire survey was conducted involving 374 participants in order to assess these items and test their reliability. Factor analysis suggested that risk-taking behaviour in daily life could be categorized by using four factors and that these factors had good reliability. We named the 20-item scale consisting of the four factors the Risk Propensity Questionnaire (RPQ). We tested the criterion-related validity of RPQ by comparing the scores of RPQ with those of three scales related to risk-taking behaviour and proved that it was a good indicator of risk propensity. Although RPQ has many limitations, the current study indicates that RPQ could be applied to the real world as well as to studies of risk-taking behaviour.
Key words: Risk-Taking behavior；Scale；Risk propensity；Reliability；Validity
大西徳明，花輪啓一，筒井保博，筒井隆夫
施設介護労働における移乗作業の筋的負担
労働科学，86(３)，139～150，（2010）
介護労働における過負担の一つである移乗作業の筋電図による筋的負担の検討を行った。移乗作業は，介護施設における介護認定度の高い，硬直のある高齢者をベッドから車椅子などへの移乗である。移乗作業の時間は，一人移乗が，72.1±24.4秒，二人移乗が，57.6±17.3秒であり，実荷重時間は，一人移乗が，6.25±2.1秒，二人移乗が8.05±2.5秒である。二人による移乗は，深い前屈と身体から離れたところでの力の発揮と抱えあげての移動があり，上肢－肩－腰の筋群に大きな緊張を課していた。そして，体幹起立筋には，前屈や荷重による拘束された緊張の持続する静的収縮をみる。柔らかい身体の抱えあげは，二人の協同にあっても物理的に荷重が半減されることがみられなく，無理な作業姿勢と指摘され，被介護者を鉛直方向に持ち上げない方法による介護労働の改善が必要である。
（図５，表２） （自抄）
キーワード：介護作業；二人移乗；筋電図；筋的負担
Noriaki ONISHI，keiichi HANAWA，Yashuhiro TUTUI，Takao TUTUI
Muscle Load During Lifting Transfer by Care Facility Workers
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，86（3），139～150，（2010）
The workload of lifting transfer work by care facility workers was investigated electromyographically. Lifting transfer was one of overloading conditions in care work. Lifting transfer from a bed to a wheelchair was studied for five senior citizens of age 67-87 and 32-55.4 kg in weight, who had been certified to have higher levels of long-term care need due to muscle stiffness. The time of lifting transfer was 72.1±24.4 sec in the case of transfer by a single worker, and 57.6±17.3 sec in the case of transfer by a pair of workers. The load holding time was 6.25±2.1 sec for the former case and 8.05±2.5 sec for the latter case. The electrical activities were prominent during lifting transfer for the biceps brachii, forearm flexors, deltoid and trapezius muscles. The erector spinae muscle was also found to be actively involved. The lifting transfer by a pair of workers included deep forward bending and force exertion at a place remote from the body as well as lifting motion with the arms under the armpits, and thus led to significantly elevated electrical activities of the muscles in the upper extremities, shoulders and lower back. Sustained static strain was noted in the erector spinae muscle due to holding a constrained posture while forward bending and holding of the load. Thus the lifting transfer of a flexible human body involving lifting motion with the arms under the armpits by a pair of workers thus did not lead to decrease by half of the muscle load and was found to impose unnatural postures to the workers. It is necessary to improve care work by applying lifting transfer not involving the lifting in the vertical direction of the person requiring nursing care.
Key Words：Care work；Pair lifting；Electromyograpy；Muscle load
増田 優
知識体系の再編成と新たな教育体系の創造―社会の現場を基点とした科学と規範の融合―
労働科学，86(３)，151～166，（2010）
技術革新と社会変革が急進する中で知の爆発がおこり知の世界が急拡大している。知識の格差による社会の歪みを回避するため知の伝搬が世界的に重要な課題となっている。科学的知見を基に論理的思考を進めつつ社会規範を策定して化学物質によるリスクを総合管理するため国際活動が急展開しているが，この分野でも最重要課題として挙げられているのが社会の能力強化である。社会の現場を基点にした使い勝手の良い知識体系への再編成を目指す知の市場は，自立的で開放的な協働を基礎に総合教育活動を展開し，プロ人材の育成と教養教育の融合や社会人教育と学校教育の融合をもたらしながら新たな教育体系を創造し知の伝搬に新しい道を拓きつつある。（図14） （自抄）
キーワード：知の市場；知の伝搬；現場基点；社会人教育；プロ人材の育成；教養教育
Masaru MASUDA PhD.
Restructuring Knowledge Systems and Creation of New Education Systems-Fusion of Natural Science and Social Regulation based on Actual Social Activities-
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，86（3），151～166，（2010）
World of knowledge is expanding in an extraordinary speed following the explosion of knowledge, while innovation of technology has been inducing a reform of society. Diffusion of knowledge has become a global and important issue in order to avoid distortion of society created by disparity of knowledge. While international activities have rapidly developed to achieve integrated management of risks caused by chemical substances through the establishment of social regulation based on scientific knowledge and logical thinking, capacity building of society is now the most important and urgent task. The activity for “Free Market of・by・for Wisdom”, so called “Chinoichiba”, which aims to restructure the current knowledge systems exclusive to experts into a handy knowledge system for everybody based on actual social activities, has been developing integrated social educational activities of “Voluntary Open Network Multiversity” supported by co-work of each self-standing individuals and organizations. It is creating a new education system opening up a new pathway for the diffusion of knowledge, generating a fusion between the development of professional human resource and the education of liberal arts and also a merger of adult education and school education.
Keywords：Chinoichiba；Diffusion of knowledge；Based on actual social activities； Social education；Development of professional human resource；Education of liberal arts
86巻 2号
飯田裕康
東京国際空港飛行場管制業務のタスクフロー記述
労働科学，86（2），59～104，（2010）
東京国際空港における管制業務について作業分析を行い，作業シーケンスをフローチャートの形で記述した。分析対象とした管制席（管制官）は，
管制塔：フライトデータ席管制官，管制承認伝達席管制官，地上管制席管制官，飛行場管制席管制官，管制塔統括席管制官
レーダー管制室：出域管制席管制官，捜索管制席管制官，進入管制席管制官
である。
作業シーケンスは，管制官の意思決定，取り扱う情報要素，管制指示や機器操作等の管制動作とともに，１機の航空機の運航時間軸に沿って記述されている。この作業分析により，空港における航空交通業務のチームワークの状況が把握された。（図23，表23） （自抄）
キーワード：航空交通管制；空港；作業分析；作業フローチャート；チームワーク
Hiroyasu IIDA
A Descriptin of Air Traffic Control Task Flowin Tokyo International Airport
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，86（２），59～104，（2010）
The air traffic control tasks in the Tokyo International Airport were analyzed, and the task sequence and information flow were described as a series of flow charts. The analyzed tasks of the air traffic controllers were those of the flight data controller, clearance delivery controller, ground controller, local controller, tower watch supervisor in the control tower, and departure controller, approach controller and feeder controller in the radar control room. The control task sequence was described following the traffic progress of one aircraft, including the controller's decision making, treated information elements and control actions. In this analysis, the situation of air traffic controllers' teamwork was clarified.
Key words: Air traffic control；Airport；Task analysis；Task flow chart；Teamwork
垣本由紀子
航空事故調査体制について
― ヒューマンファクターアプローチの問題点―
労働科学，86（2），105～112，（2010）
公共交通から日常の生活まで，予期せぬときに事故は発生している。発生の都度事故調査が行われるが，事故調査の在り方については，日本学術会議をはじめ，いろいろな立場から議論が続けられてきている。本稿では，ヒューマンファクター的視点から調査を実施する場合の次のような問題点について検討した。（１）事故調査の目的の確認，（２）事故調査における優位性の確保，（３）ヒューマンエラーが刑事法で扱われること，（４）事故調査報告書が裁判で使用されること，（５）事故調査機関にヒューマンファクター専門家を配置すること，（６）ヒューマンファクター追求モデルについて。ここで取り上げられた問題の解決へ向け，それぞれの立場からの歩み寄りによる課題解決が必要である。（表２） （自抄）
キーワード：事故調査；航空事故；ヒューマンエラー；裁判；ヒューマンファクター分析モデル
Yukiko KAKIMOTO
Some Problems of Human Factors Approaches in Aviation Accident Investigation
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，86（2），105～112，（2010）
Accidents occur frequently and unexpectedly in public transportation, in various automobiles, and facilities in daily life. Whenever such an accident occurs, the accident investigation will be undertaken by official groups or private groups. The Science Council of Japan and a few victims family groups have been discussing and advanced their opinions on how to carry out the investigation adequately, scientifically, fairly and neutrally. In this paper, the following problems were discussed: (1) the purpose of accident investigation; (2) priority of accident investigation; (3) is it adequate to put on trial human errors in organizations using criminal law?; (4) to use the accident investigati on reports in trials; (5) to hire human factors specialists as investigators and commission members; (6) how to use various models of human factors.
It is suggested to resolve these problems mentioned in this paper by making compromises with various groups.
Key Words: Accident investigation；Aviation accident；Human errors；On trial；Human factors analysis models
宇土 博
農業労働への人間工学的対策の展開
労働科学，86（2），113～124，（2010）
2008年のサブプライムローンの破綻やリーマン・ショックを契機とした世界同時不況は，従来の金融バブルに牽引された輸出型の産業政策の見直しと，農業，高齢者や子供の支援，医療，インフラ供給，自然エネルギー産業など生活を支える内需型の産業政策の再評価をもたらしている。そのため，これまでの製造業を中心とした労働科学の研究は，内需型産業の研究にシフトする必要があろう。特に，食糧危機のリスクが増大し，先進国中で最も食料自給率が低い我が国では，農業の再生は緊急の課題であり，その再生には，高齢者の農業の継続や新規就農者の参入時のバリアとなる農業労働の筋骨格系負担を軽減する人間工学的対策の展開が重要である。農業再生に労働科学が果たす役割は大きいと考えられる。（図17，表６） （自抄）
キーワード：労働科学；人間工学；改善；農業；筋骨格系負担
Hiroshi UDO
Development of Ergonomic Measures for Agricultural Work
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，，86（2），113～124，（2010）
In this paper we propose a new research area in the field of labour science. Thus far labour science has placed most interests in main stream and growth industries of the world. After the Second World War, industries such as automobile, home electronics, computer, leisure and information industrial became the growing industries. However, after the worldwide economic crisis caused by the bankruptcy of sub-prime-rate-lending and the collapse of Lehman Brothers Inc. on 15 September 2008 in the United States, decision makers began to reconsider the conventional views towards the economy and industry. Thus, in the current post-bubble era, the following fundamental and solid industries that support the life of the people are being re-evaluated; agriculture, service for the elderly and children, medical service, infrastructure, natural energy and so forth. Of these industries, agriculture is the most essential and fundamental to the life of people. The risk of a food crisis is increasing in the world. In Japan, food supply is one of major concerns, where the self-sufficiency ratio is under 40 % which is the worst ratio amongst advanced nations. For the near future, we propose a bigger role for labour science and ergonomics to support the agriculture industry in Japan and the world. It is essential to develop ergonomic measures for agricultural work to reduce the muscle skeletal burden which is the major hurdle for working in the agriculture industry, since experienced elderly farmers find it difficult to continue working and new farmers are difficult to recruit. By giving labour science and thus ergonomics a bigger role, we can create a better chance to avoid a major food crisis and develop the domestic-oriented industries such as agriculture and so forth, and thus, recover the balance in the economy and rely less on the export industry. We propose two cases of ergonomic improvement for fruit farming.
Key words: Labour Science； Ergonomics； Improvement；Agriculture； Muscleskeletal burden
86巻 1号
小木和孝
産業安全保健領域の動向と良好実践
労働科学，86（１），１～8，（2010）
多様化する就労の場における安全健康リスク管理を有効に支える実践のあり方を各国，各産業で行われている良好実践推進策にみられる共通点を参考に検討した。労働安全衛生マネジメントシステムに代表される包括的なリスク管理と参加型職場改善とがどう良好実践推進と連携しているかを概説し，良好実践推進上の課題を整理した。資源制約のもとで，多重リスクについて必要な追加対策を洗い出す手順と参加型改善プロセス支援ツールがとくに重要であると認められた。多様な就労の場に水平展開できる良好実践を手順・ツール，責任体制のあり方とともに労使にわかりやすく提示していくことにより，より安全で健康な職場づくりがすすむとみられる。 （図２，表２）（自抄）
キーワード : 安全健康リスク管理；労働安全衛生マネジメントシステム；参加型職場改善；心理社会要因；良好実践アプローチ
Kazutaka KOGI
Trends in the Field of Occupational Safety and Health and Good Practices
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，86（１），１～8，（2010）
Types of support measures effective for managing safety and health risks at diversifying workplaces are discussed by examining recent trends in promoting good practices. Good practices are promoted in EU and other countries as a means of providing direct support for reorienting risk management procedures and enhancing active participation of employers and workers. This is found useful particularly in small enterprises, informal workplaces and non-regular employment. Good practices promoted in workplace risk management centre around effective stepwise procedures for planning, implementing and reviewing risk reduction measures that have real impact. It is therefore advised to use these good practices for supporting the identification and implementation of multiple risk-reducing measures. An emphasis placed on measures effective and feasible in each local situation is important. On the other hand, good practices seen in participatory programmes commonly emphasize the use of action-oriented tools for finding these feasible measures and for facilitating consensus building leading to immediate improvements. The locally adjusted design and use of preventive action tools are found useful for facilitating the active participation of workers, supervisors and managers. Training toolkits incorporating local good practices can be developed for supporting participatory training and for promoting basic occupational health services and other action-oriented activities in small-scale workplaces. These experiences suggest the importance of linking the promotion of good practices with the development and spread use of locally adjusted risk management procedures and toolkits.
Key Words : Safety and health risk management ; Occupational safety and health management systems ; Participatory workplace improvement ; Psychosocial factors ; Good-practice approach
鈴木安名，吉川 徹，田原裕之，荒薦優子，鈴木規普，坂部善久，川見昌子，西山和幸
メンタルヘルス対応における人事担当者の判断基準について
労働科学，86（１），9～18，（2010）
上場企業の人事担当者５名を対象に，継続分散型のワークショップにおける事例討論を行い，逐一記録された発言を分析して，メンタルヘルス対応におけるワークショップ参加者の判断基準を調査した。討論事例は職場の規律や秩序を乱すような不適切な言動という事例性を含むものとした。ワークショップ参加者の判断基準として安全配慮義務についての理解は十分であったが，労働契約（就業規則）にもとづく労働者の債務についての理解が乏しく，メンタルヘルス対応上で困難を生じる可能性があった。対策として，労働契約における使用者と労働者の双方の債務，および私傷病休職の概念の理解を促進することが必要と考えられた。（図２，表３）（自抄）
キーワード：メンタルヘルス；人事担当者；事例検討；労働契約；産業教育
Yasuna SUZUKI, Toru YOSHIKAWA, Hiroyuki TAHARA, Yuko ARAKOMO,
Noriyuki SUZUKI, Yosihisa SAKABE, Masako KAWAMI, Kazuyuki NISHIYAMA
The Criteria of Mental Health Measures among Perssonel Management Staffs Members in Larger Enterprises
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，86（１），9～18，（2010）
A series of workshops were organized in the present study to investigate the criteria of mental health measures for the personnel management staff members in larger enterprises. Five staff members in charge at the personnel management of the listed enterprises participated in the workshops, and several discussions concerning mental health cases were conducted in the workshops. The remarks at the discussions were recorded and analyzed. We used such cases at the workshop discussions as showing improper speech and behaviour that breached the office disciplines and order. While the participants well understood the obligation of keeping security as their criteria, they had less knowledge about the liability of workers based on the labour contract (working regulations). These facts imply that it is necessary to promote liabilies both of employers and employees and let them understand the concept of leave-taking due to injuries and diseases incurred not in line of duty in the labour contracts.
Key Words: Mental health; Personnel Management staff; Case study; Labor contract; Industrial education
高橋悦子，内藤堅志，飯田裕康，酒井一博，三浦稚郁子，村上保夫
心臓循環器専門病院ＣＣＵにおける一事例の作業観察による看護業務の実態と特徴
労働科学，86（１），19～32，（2010）
本研究は、病院移転に伴いITカルテシステムの導入が予定されている心臓循環器専門病院において、移転前（システム導入前）の基礎資料の一つとして、CCU看護師を対象とした作業観察（タイムスタディ）を実施し、看護業務の実態と特徴を検討することを目的とした。
本調査におけるCCU看護師の作業は、「診療場面における援助」が最も多く、「患者に対する記録」とあわせて、業務時間の約6割を占めていた。患者との会話内容は、「観察・確認」と「指示・説明」に関する項目が8割以上を占めていた。患者と看護師との会話事例検討から、生命の危機的な状態にある患者に対して、きめ細やかな声かけをしている看護師の姿が明らかになった。（図２，表８） （自抄）
キーワード：看護師；CCU看護実践；看護業務；クリティカルケア；タイムスタディ法；ケーススタディ
Etsuko TAKAHASHI, Kenshi NAITO, Hiroyasu IIDA, Kazuhiro SAKAI, Chikako MIURA, Yasuo MURAKAMI
Characteristics of Nursing Work in a Coronary Care Unit：A Case Report by Time-Motion Study
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，86（１），１9～32，（2010）
The purpose of this research was to clarify characteristics of nursing work and to examine the processes of critical care nursing in a Coronary care unit. The research was undertaken to obtain baseline data before the implementation of an Electronic Medical Record System (EMRS).
We performed time-motion study observations at a cardiovascular acute care hospital with 152 beds in Tokyo, where they had planned to introduce an EMR in the near future. Nurse B who belonged to the coronary care unit was chosen by the unit administrator to participate in our research.
Nursing work accounted for more than 60% of the shift for supporting medicaltreatment and recording of the patient data. As a result of the content analysis of the conversation between the nurse and the patients, the observation and explanation accounted for more than 80%. In the critical care area, it was confirmed that the nurse was always monitoring the patients at bedside in order to protect their safety. Moreover, it is suggested that nurses contribute to enhancing the mental support for patients such as reducing anxiety and encouragement through various occasions of conversation.
Key words：Nurse；Nursing practice on CCU；Nursing work；Critical care；Time-motion study；Case study
佐々木司，松元 俊，久保智英，鈴木一弥
２夜の睡眠構築から見た７年間にわたる夜勤専従生活の影響
労働科学，86（１），33～42，（2010）
夜勤専従８年目に強い夜間の眠気と昼間の不眠を訴え日勤に配置転換し，その後休職した女性の配置転換後約５カ月目の睡眠ポリグラムを２夜にわたって得た。睡眠構築では，Sleep Efficiencyは高かったものの，Sleep Latencyが長く，Slow Wave Sleepが少なく，Rapid Eye Movement Sleepが多い特徴があった。デルタパワー値の時系列変化では，睡眠経過2時間目にピークがあった。また睡眠経過11時間後でもデルタパワー値が高い相が出現した。これらのデルタパワー値に関する現象は，参考値として示した21歳，29歳，36歳の健常者の脳波事例では観察されなかった。また測定前の１週間の身体活動量の結果から二相性の睡眠リズムと睡眠禁止帯と思われる覚醒リズムが観察された。以上のことから，本事例には，日勤変更後５カ月を経過しても睡眠脳波上に７年間にわたる夜勤専従生活の影響が残っていたと結論付けた。 （図５，表１）（自抄）
キーワード：元夜勤者；７年間の夜勤専従生活；睡眠構築；デルタパワー値；
二相性の睡眠；REMS優位
Tsukasa SASAKI ，Shun MATSUMOTO，Tomohide KUBO，Kazuya SUZUKI
Sleep Architectire of an “Ex-Night Worker” Who Adhered to the Permanent Night Work for Seven Years
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，86（１），33～42，（2010）
In this case study, we investigated the polysomnography of a woman of age 28 who was reassigned to day work due to her the strong sleepiness and insomnia after having worked permanent night shifts for 7 years. Polysomnograms were determined for successive two nights after having been absent from night work for about 5 months. In her sleep architecture of two nights, the time-in-bed was 673.5 min the first night and 613.5 min at the second night. While the sleep efficiency were high (96.3 and 95.8%) and the sleep latency was long (16.0 and 23.5 min), there was few slow wave sleep periods (62.5 and 69.0 min) and extended rapid eye movement sleep periods (179.5 and 220.0 min).The peak hour of the delta power density in the range of 1.2-4.0 Hz at the two nights were appeared two hours after sleep onset. At the first night sleep, the delta power density also showed high levels even 11 hours after sleep onset. Such a phenomenon, however, has not been observed in the sleep of other subjects of age 18-73 who showed the reference values. A biphasic sleep rhythm and the sleep forbidden zone (or the sleep maintenance zone) could be observed from the average values of the physical activities which were measured during a week prior to polysomnography.
For these reasons, it was concluded that the sleep-wakefulness rhythm for permanent night work has continued, even if the worker studied had resigned from the night work 5 months prior to the polysomnographic study.
Key Words：An ex-night worker； Permanent night work for seven years； Sleep architecture； Delta power density； Biphasic sleep； High amount of REMS
二塚 信
暮らしのなかの労働
労働科学，86（１），43～45，（2010）
生活とは，私たちの生命，活力を維持・再生産する日常的な営みである。この生活維持システムは，労働による生活手段の取得と，その消費による生命と活力の維持・再生産の過程である。このように労働は，それ自体生活の重要な一要素といえる。働く機会が失われたり，所得が過少であれば生活手段は欠乏し，生活の必要が満たされなくなる。人間らしい生活を脅かすような，生活上の困難がもたらされることになる。現今の働く人々の状況をみたとき，非正規雇用，過重労働，ワーキングプア等労働と生活が脅かされる局面にある。これがまさに，「人間らしい労働」と「生活の質」の調和を，産業保健の最も今日的な課題として取り上げなければならない所以である。 （自抄）
キーワード：労働；生活；非正規雇用；人間らしい労働；産業生態学
Makoto FUTATSUKA Ｍ.Ｄ.
Work is an Important Factor of Human Life
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，86（１），43～45，（2010）
Our existence is the daily activity that sustains and reproduces our life or vitality. This sustainable life system is equivalent to the process that obtains the means of livelihood by doing one’s work and also to the process of life reproduction by the consumption of energy. In this way, the work is itself an important factor of our life. If people miss an opportunity of their work, or get only a low level of income, they cannot meet the demand of life.
At present, working situations in Japan are increasing difficult to cope with, for instance, non-regular employee, overloaded, working poor, etc. We must take into consideration need for the decent work and the quality of life as human rights in the area of occupational health.
Key words：Work；Life；Non-regular employment；Decent Work；Industrial Ecology